The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
- Downloads：9696
- Type：Epub+TxT+PDF+Mobi
- Create Date：2022-03-08 06:55:07
- Update Date：2025-09-06
- Status：finish
- Author：Samuel P. Huntington
- ISBN：1451628978
- Environment：PC/Android/iPhone/iPad/Kindle
- Download
Summary
The classic study of post-Cold War international relations， more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world， with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski。
Since its initial publication， The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order has become a classic work of international relations and one of the most influential books ever written about foreign affairs。 An insightful and powerful analysis of the forces driving global politics， it is as indispensable to our understanding of American foreign policy today as the day it was published。 As former National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski says in his new foreword to the book， it “has earned a place on the shelf of only about a dozen or so truly enduring works that provide the quintessential insights necessary for a broad understanding of world affairs in our time。”
Samuel Huntington explains how clashes between civilizations are the greatest threat to world peace but also how an international order based on civilizations is the best safeguard against war。 Events since the publication of the book have proved the wisdom of that analysis。 The 9/11 attacks and wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have demonstrated the threat of civilizations but have also shown how vital international cross-civilization cooperation is to restoring peace。 As ideological distinctions among nations have been replaced by cultural differences， world politics has been reconfigured。 Across the globe， new conflicts—and new cooperation—have replaced the old order of the Cold War era。
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order explains how the population explosion in Muslim countries and the economic rise of East Asia are changing global politics。 These developments challenge Western dominance， promote opposition to supposedly “universal” Western ideals， and intensify intercivilization conflict over such issues as nuclear proliferation， immigration， human rights， and democracy。 The Muslim population surge has led to many small wars throughout Eurasia， and the rise of China could lead to a global war of civilizations。 Huntington offers a strategy for the West to preserve its unique culture and emphasizes the need for people everywhere to learn to coexist in a complex， multipolar， muliticivilizational world。
Since its initial publication， The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order has become a classic work of international relations and one of the most influential books ever written about foreign affairs。 An insightful and powerful analysis of the forces driving global politics， it is as indispensable to our understanding of American foreign policy today as the day it was published。 As former National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski says in his new foreword to the book， it “has earned a place on the shelf of only about a dozen or so truly enduring works that provide the quintessential insights necessary for a broad understanding of world affairs in our time。”
Samuel Huntington explains how clashes between civilizations are the greatest threat to world peace but also how an international order based on civilizations is the best safeguard against war。 Events since the publication of the book have proved the wisdom of that analysis。 The 9/11 attacks and wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have demonstrated the threat of civilizations but have also shown how vital international cross-civilization cooperation is to restoring peace。 As ideological distinctions among nations have been replaced by cultural differences， world politics has been reconfigured。 Across the globe， new conflicts—and new cooperation—have replaced the old order of the Cold War era。
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order explains how the population explosion in Muslim countries and the economic rise of East Asia are changing global politics。 These developments challenge Western dominance， promote opposition to supposedly “universal” Western ideals， and intensify intercivilization conflict over such issues as nuclear proliferation， immigration， human rights， and democracy。 The Muslim population surge has led to many small wars throughout Eurasia， and the rise of China could lead to a global war of civilizations。 Huntington offers a strategy for the West to preserve its unique culture and emphasizes the need for people everywhere to learn to coexist in a complex， multipolar， muliticivilizational world。
Reviews
Ratio
，
Witten in 1996， still highly relevant today！
Χάρης Διονέλλης
，
Ο Σάμιουελ Χάντιγκτον， Αμερικανός διεθνολόγος και εξ επαγγέλματος αντικομμουνιστής διανοούμενος， σε παλαιότερα άρθρα ή στο βιβλίο του που κυκλοφόρησε το 1998 και στην Ελλάδα υποστηρίζει ότι μετά την ανατροπή των καθεστώτων του υπαρκτού σοσιαλισμού， τις εξελίξεις δεν τις καθορίζει η ταξική πάλη， αλλά η σύγκρουση των πολιτισμών。 Ως πολιτισμό ενός λαού， ορίζει την "ποιότητα"， που καθορίζεται από την ιστορία， τη γλώσσα， τα ήθη και έθιμα και， κυρίως， τη θρησκεία。Στο πρώτο του άρθρο， που δημοσιεύτηκε Ο Σάμιουελ Χάντιγκτον， Αμερικανός διεθνολόγος και εξ επαγγέλματος αντικομμουνιστής διανοούμενος， σε παλαιότερα άρθρα ή στο βιβλίο του που κυκλοφόρησε το 1998 και στην Ελλάδα υποστηρίζει ότι μετά την ανατροπή των καθεστώτων του υπαρκτού σοσιαλισμού， τις εξελίξεις δεν τις καθορίζει η ταξική πάλη， αλλά η σύγκρουση των πολιτισμών。 Ως πολιτισμό ενός λαού， ορίζει την "ποιότητα"， που καθορίζεται από την ιστορία， τη γλώσσα， τα ήθη και έθιμα και， κυρίως， τη θρησκεία。Στο πρώτο του άρθρο， που δημοσιεύτηκε το 1993， ισχυρίζεται ότι "στη διάρκεια των αιώνων。。。 οι διαφορές ανάμεσα σε πολιτισμούς έχουν γεννήσει τις πιο παρατεταμένες και τις πιο βίαιες αντιπαραθέσεις"。 Και στο βιβλίο του που εκδόθηκε αργότερα υποστηρίζει: "Ο ανταγωνισμός των μεγάλων δυνάμεων （υπερ-δυνάμεων） αντικαταστάθηκε από τη σύγκρουση των πολιτισμών。 Σ' αυτόν τον καινούριο κόσμο， σημαντικότερες και πιο επικίνδυνες συγκρούσεις δε θα είναι μεταξύ κοινωνικών τάξεων， πλούσιων και φτωχών ή άλλων οικονομικών ομάδων， που ορίζονται διαφορετικά， αλλά μεταξύ λαών που ανήκουν σε διαφορετικές πολιτισμικές οντότητες" （σελ。 26）。Αυτή η θέση καταρχήν έχει καταρριφθεί με ιστορικούς όρους από το γεγονός πως οι δύο παγκόσμιοι πόλεμοι που ξέσπασαν κατά το πρώτο μισό του 20ού αιώνα， και οι οποίοι υπήρξαν εξαιρετικά πολυαίμακτοι， δεν διεξήχθησαν ανάμεσα σε λαούς με διαφορετικούς πολιτισμούς εφόσον συγκρούστηκαν και στις δυο περιπτώσεις η Βρετανία， οι ΗΠΑ， η Γαλλία και η Ρωσία ή ΕΣΣΔ απ' τη μια μεριά και η Γερμανία με τους εκάστοτε συμμάχους της από την άλλη。 Δυνάμεις δηλαδή που αποτελούν στη γενική ολότητά του αυτό που αποκαλείται νεωτερικός ευρωπαϊκός πολιτισμός。Αλλά μιας και ο Χάντινγκτον περιορίζεται στο βιβλίο του στις εξελίξεις μετά το 1990， προκύπτουν έυλογα κάποια βασικά ερωτήματα: - Γιατί οι ΗΠΑ με τις χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ενωσης τάχτηκαν στο πλευρό του Κουβέιτ μετά την εισβολή του Ιράκ στη χώρα αυτή του Περσικού Κόλπου; - Ποιοι είναι οι πολιτισμικοί λόγοι που η Τουρκία συγκρούεται με τους Κούρδους ενώ ταυτόχρονα δημιουργεί ανά διαστήματα ντε φάκτο συμμαχίες με το Ισραήλ στη Μέση Ανατολή;- Γιατί στην Ισπανία υπάρχει σύγκρουση του κράτους με το αυτονομιστικό κίνημα των Βάσκων， οι οποίοι εμφορούνται χωρίς αμφιβολία πια από τον ίδιο πολιτισμό;Οι πόλεμοι δεν έχουν ως βασική αιτία τη διαφορά πολιτισμών。 Οι πόλεμοι， στο στάδιο του ιμπεριαλισμού， γίνονται για να διατηρηθούν οι ζώνες επιρροής ή για να ξαναμοιραστούν οι χώρες， με βάση το συσχετισμό δυνάμεων που αλλάζει， λόγω της επίδρασης του νόμου της ανισόμετρης ανάπτυξης。 Οταν， βέβαια， λέμε ζώνες επιρροής， εννοούμε τις χώρες όπου τοποθετούνται τα πλεονάζοντα κεφάλαια των πολυεθνικών εταιριών， πωλούνται ακριβά τα βιομηχανικά προϊόντα και καταληστεύονται οι πλουτοπαραγωγικές πηγές （πετρέλαιο， φυσικό αέριο， χαλκός κλπ。）。Αυτή， λοιπόν， είναι η κύρια αιτία για τους πολέμους ανάμεσα στις ιμπεριαλιστικές χώρες， ενώ φυσικά δεν πρέπει να ξεχνάμε και τους εθνικοαπελευθερωτικούς πολέμους， όπως του βιετναμέζικου λαού ενάντια στις ΗΠΑ κλπ。 Ουσιαστικά， οι πόλεμοι έχουν στη βάση τους ταξικό χαρακτήρα， δηλαδή γίνονται επειδή υπάρχει καπιταλισμός και αέναη συσσώρευση κεφαλαίου， οικονομικές τάξεις και πόλεμος όλων εναντίων όλων， μεγιστοποίηση του κέρδους και εκμετάλλευση της ανθρώπινης εργασίας。 Ακόμη γιατί υπάρχουν πολυεθνικά τραστ και στρατιωτικοβιομηχανικά συμπλέγματα， καρτέλ και άλλοι θεσμικοί παίκτες που στοχεύουν στην καλύτερη δυνατή θέση μέσα στο καπιταλιστικό κοσμοσύστημα πάντα στο πλαίσιο του άγριου ανταγωνισμού που αυτό επιβάλλει。 Ο πόλεμος είναι， σύμφωνα με τη κλασική ρήση του Κλαούζεβιτς， η συνέχιση της πολιτικής με άλλα μέσα。 Αντίστοιχα σε ένα δεύτερο επίπεδο μπορεί να ιδωθεί και ως η συνέχιση της ταξικής πάλης με βίαια μέσα。 Φυσικά， την ταξική πάλη δεν την ανακάλυψαν ούτε ο Καρλ Μαρξ ούτε ο Λένιν。 Την ανακάλυψαν οι αστοί ιστορικοί του Διαφωτισμού στην προσπάθειά τους να ανατρέξουν στο παρελθόν για να βρουν εκείνα τα ιστορικά παραδείγματα που θα λειτουργούσαν ως ιδεολογικά όπλα της αναδυόμενης αστικής τάξης στον αγώνα για πολιτική κυριαρχία απέναντι στην παρακμάζουσα αριστοκρατία και το Παλαιό Καθεστώς των τελών του 18ου αιώνα。Ο βασικός λόγος λοιπόν που ο Χάντινγκτον καταπιάστηκε με το θέμα της σύγκρουσης πολιτισμών δεν είναι σε καμία περίπτωση η αντικειμενική παρατήρηση του φαινομένου και η ανάλυσή του για την καλύτερη κατανόηση της λειτουργίας του κόσμου μετά την κατάρρευση του υπαρκτού σοσιαλισμού στη Σοβιετική Ένωση και στο υπόλοιπο ανατολικό μπλοκ， αλλά η δικαιολόγηση της διατήρησης του ΝΑΤΟ ως στρατιωτικής συμμαχίας μετά από αυτή την κοσμογονική αλλαγή。 Το ΝΑΤΟ μετά το 1991 δεν είχε κανένα ουσιαστικό λόγο ύπαρξης και έτσι εφευρέθηκε ο κίνδυνος του "δυτικού πολιτισμού" - όπως γράφει - από τον ορθόδοξο πολιτισμό， τον ισλαμικό， το σινικό， τον ινδουιστικό， τον ιαπωνικό κλπ。 Φυσικά， δεν μπορεί να ξεφύγει από την προσοχή του προσεκτικού αναγνώστη το γεγονός ότι η ορθόδοξη Ελλάδα και η μουσουλμανική Τουρκία που ήταν και είναι ακόμη εξέχοντα μέλη της Βορειοατλαντικής συμμαχίας δείχνουν με τη συμμετοχή τους σε αυτή να καταρρίπτουν εν τοις πράγμασι τη σοβαρότητα και την αξιοπιστία της θεωρίας του， γι' αυτό ο Χάντινγκτον μέχρι τα τελευταία του υπήρξε φανατικός θιασώτης της εκδίωξής τους από αυτή。 。。。more
Homo Sentimentalis
，
Zapad je osvojio svet ne nadmoćnošću svojih ideja， vrednosti ili svoje religije， nego svojom nadmoćnošću u primeni organizovanog nasilja。 Zapadnjaci često zaboravljaju ovu činjenicu; nezapadnjaci nikada。Nakon raspada Sovjetskog Saveza， opšteg sloma komunizma i završetka hladnoratovskih sukoba， dalji razvoj svjetske istorije bio je u velikoj magli。 Među zapadnim intelektualnim krugovima su se u odnosu na to pitanje formirala dva suprotstavljena tabora。 Jedni su predviđali apsolutnu pobjedu libera Zapad je osvojio svet ne nadmoćnošću svojih ideja， vrednosti ili svoje religije， nego svojom nadmoćnošću u primeni organizovanog nasilja。 Zapadnjaci često zaboravljaju ovu činjenicu; nezapadnjaci nikada。Nakon raspada Sovjetskog Saveza， opšteg sloma komunizma i završetka hladnoratovskih sukoba， dalji razvoj svjetske istorije bio je u velikoj magli。 Među zapadnim intelektualnim krugovima su se u odnosu na to pitanje formirala dva suprotstavljena tabora。 Jedni su predviđali apsolutnu pobjedu liberalne demokratije i uspostavljanje unipolarnog svjetskog poretka koji bi se bazirao na političkim， ekonomskim i kulturnim dostignućima zapadne civilizacije。 Kada govorimo o najreprezentativnijim predstavnicima ovog "kružoka" neizbježno je spomenuti američkog politikologa Fransisa Fukujamu， koji je， želeći da sublimira gore pomenute predikcije， skovao i danas često primjenjivanu sintagmu kraj istorije。 Doduše， uvjerenje zapadnih intelektualaca u to da su zapadne vrijednosti jedine ispravne i da pored ili nakon njih ništa bolje ne može da nastane， pa čak ni da se zamisli， seže puno dalje u prošlost; ono je produkt francuske prosvjetiteljske misli， a pečat će mu dati Hegel simbolički proglašavajući zapadnu civilizaciju （tj。 germanski narod） večernjom （posljednjom i najmudrijom）， a sebe， uzgred i indirektno， posljednjim filozofom。 Otprilike u isto vrijeme kada Fukujama privodi kraju svoje kapitalno djelo， Semjuel Hantington （predstavnik drugog tabora） započinje da piše knjigu u kojoj izlaže jednu potpuno drugačiju viziju - okončanjem hladnog rata završeno je samo jedno poglavlje istorije; ono ujedno predstavlja i uvod u novo doba， koje će biti obilježeno multikulturalnim sukobima。Za razliku od mislilaca koji svoje koncepcije istorije zasnivaju na intuitivnom razotkrivanju zakona istorijskih kretanja， Hantingtonove pretenzije nisu toliko velike。 Njegova vizija je više naučna， zasnovana na statističkim i činjeničnim pokazateljima， te potkrepljena brojnim izvorima。 Čak i kada se bavi predikcijama， on to ne radi toliko na osnovu subjektivnog osjećaja， već prvenstveno na bazi prethodno pomenutih parametara。 Služeći se Hegelovom terminologijom， za ovu knjigu bismo mogli reći da spada u domen reflektovane geopolitike， a ne filozofije geopolitike。 U skladu sa svim tim， Hantingtonove prognoze uglavnom ne idu dalje od 20-30 godina unaprijed， što ukazuje na njegovu pozitivističku prizemljenost。A o čemu sve promišlja ovaj mislilac？ O svemu relevantnom na temu civilizacije i geopolitike u reflektovanom smislu - pojam i vrste civilizacija， njihova struktura i genealogija， sfere interesa velikih sila， analize međucivilizacijskih ratova， žarišne tačke i predikcije mogućih sukoba， i još puno toga。 Međutim， iako napisana u naučnom duhu， za ovu knjigu se nikako ne može reći da je dosadna。 Razloga za to je više， a jedan od glavnih je autorova lucidnost u analitičnosti。 Zanimljiv je， između ostalog， Hantingtonov stav po kome je odnos modernizacije i pozapadnjačenja obrnuto proporcionalan - što više jedna kultura postaje moderna， to je ona manje zapadna i više tradicionalna; ili poglavlje u kome se bavi etiološkom analizom "pocijepanih" zemalja （Rusija， Turska， Meksiko， Australija）， itd。 Razumljivo， imajući u vidu demografsku i vjersku heterogenost jugoslovenske države， kao i vrijeme u kome je knjiga objavljena （1996。godina）， ratu na našim prostorima i južnoslovenskim narodima uopšteno， posvećena je posebna pažnja。 Jugoslovenski scenario Hantingtonu služi kao najvaljaniji dokaz u prilog tačnosti njegove glavne hipoteze。 Tako je po njemu Jugoslavija bila mesto najsloženijih， najkonfuznijih i najpotpunijih ratova zbog neodgovarajuće granice， dok je pomoć koju su Sjedinjene Američke Države tokom rata pružale bosanskim muslimanima bila civilizacijska anomalija inače univerzalnog obrasca da srodnici podupiru srodnike。 Budući da je za Hantingtona svaka država u kojoj žive dva naroda koja pripadaju različitim civilizacijama žarišna tačka mogućeg sukoba， možete zamisliti kako se onda u takvoj projekciji posmatra Bosna， zemlja u kojoj se direktno ukrštaju tri od četiri glavne civilizacije。Drugi uzrok moje radosti čitanja je Hantingtonova informisanost - faktografski sladokusci će ovdje omastiti brkove - ali da ne bih dobio krivičnu prijavu zbog pretjeranog spojlovanja neću sa tim ulaziti u detalje。I konačno， ono što me posebno obradovalo jeste autorova relativna nepristrasnost u odnosu na nezapadne civilizacije， što nije čest slučaj kod zapadnih mislilaca。 To je jedan od razloga zbog kojih je ova knjiga odoljela zubu vremena i uprkos kritikama， kako u njegovoj matičnoj zemlji tako i van nje， stekla veliku popularnost na svim svjetskim meridijanima。Koliko mi se jedna knjiga dopala mjerim， između ostalog， i po količini podvučenog teksta， a u ovom slučaju je to gotovo polovina knjige。Postoje štiva koja svaki obrazovani čovjek jednostavno mora da pročita， a ovo je bez ikakve dileme jedan od takvih naslova。 Uz to， mislim da je vrijeme u kome živimo idealno za prvi susret sa njim， što zbog boljeg razumijevanja aktuelnih geopolitičkih turbulencija （Ukrajina， Avganistan， Tajvan， formiranje anglosaksonskog nuklearnog saveza。。。）， što zbog činjenice da se većina prognostičkih scenarija iznesenih u ovoj knjizi odnosi na period između 2020。 i 2025。 godine， tako da je baš zanimljivo pratiti u kojoj mjeri su se Hantingtonova predviđanja do sada obistinila i u kojoj mjeri će se tek obistiniti。 。。。more
Andrea
，
Il testo di Huntington， estremamente influente， discusso ed equivocato， letto oggi mi appare certamente discutibile e datato sotto vari aspetti， ma anche， proprio grazie alla sua brutale schematicità， piuttosto efficace。 La rappresentazione di un'immaginaria quanto plausibile escalation militare apocalittica pare Per niente al mondo di Follett。Mi ha fatto pensare a un testo di diversi anni successivo: L'identità culturale non esiste， che parte da presupposti diametralmente opposti ed è anch'esso Il testo di Huntington， estremamente influente， discusso ed equivocato， letto oggi mi appare certamente discutibile e datato sotto vari aspetti， ma anche， proprio grazie alla sua brutale schematicità， piuttosto efficace。 La rappresentazione di un'immaginaria quanto plausibile escalation militare apocalittica pare Per niente al mondo di Follett。Mi ha fatto pensare a un testo di diversi anni successivo: L'identità culturale non esiste， che parte da presupposti diametralmente opposti ed è anch'esso， a mio avviso， interessante quanto discutibile。 E ancora mi ha fatto pensare a Civilization di Sid Meier， il mitico gioco strategico che nel '96 appariva nella sua seconda edizione。 。。。more
Shay Miles
，
As topical in 2022 as it was in 1996， Clash of Civilizations is revelatory if not prophetic。 Huntington is both descriptive and prescriptive in outlining his model of civilizational and （macro）cultural preeminence in geopolitical affairs。 A must read for political scientists， diplomats， and politicians。 Discounted and disparaged by many modern scholars， Huntington does not shy away from hard truths， truths that have been corroborated by 26 years of inter-civilizational conflict。 Paradigm-shiftin As topical in 2022 as it was in 1996， Clash of Civilizations is revelatory if not prophetic。 Huntington is both descriptive and prescriptive in outlining his model of civilizational and （macro）cultural preeminence in geopolitical affairs。 A must read for political scientists， diplomats， and politicians。 Discounted and disparaged by many modern scholars， Huntington does not shy away from hard truths， truths that have been corroborated by 26 years of inter-civilizational conflict。 Paradigm-shifting。Edit: with the recent invasion of Ukraine by Russia， Huntington is vindicated once again。 。。。more
Pali
，
Helped me understand the conflicts/wars， what lead to them and how they unrolled。 E。g Afghan war， Kuwait war， Yugoslavian war。 The role of USA， Russia， China， Arab countries。 It’s not a light reading， and bit gloomy in perspective， written in ‘90ties， puts rather dark outlook in the future of civilization。 Happy to know the conflict （WW3？） Described in the end of the book and set to cca 2010 did not materialize as described。 Still looked possible and real， even now （kind of）， nevertheless I am a Helped me understand the conflicts/wars， what lead to them and how they unrolled。 E。g Afghan war， Kuwait war， Yugoslavian war。 The role of USA， Russia， China， Arab countries。 It’s not a light reading， and bit gloomy in perspective， written in ‘90ties， puts rather dark outlook in the future of civilization。 Happy to know the conflict （WW3？） Described in the end of the book and set to cca 2010 did not materialize as described。 Still looked possible and real， even now （kind of）， nevertheless I am an optimist， I believe in World civilization。 Now I need to find a more optimistic book about our future on this planet 😀 。。。more
Marts （Thinker）
，
Huntington presents a most comprehensive overview on international relations， global development， differences in civilisations， and cultural affairs。。。
Adrián Cruz
，
A must read classic IR piece。 Highly informative on the development and the current state of inter civilizational dynamics。 Yet， one disagreement that I now have is aimed at the non-fluidity of relations between different civilizations。 The author assumes inherent 'othering'， depending on who are we looking at as the centre of attention。 I believe the collective consciousness might shift into a less divisive state as a result of diminishing cleavages and/or the creation of enmeshed new ones on a A must read classic IR piece。 Highly informative on the development and the current state of inter civilizational dynamics。 Yet， one disagreement that I now have is aimed at the non-fluidity of relations between different civilizations。 The author assumes inherent 'othering'， depending on who are we looking at as the centre of attention。 I believe the collective consciousness might shift into a less divisive state as a result of diminishing cleavages and/or the creation of enmeshed new ones on a layer that is more dominant and uniting than the traditional ones。 Idealist at its finest。 。。。more
K0R0GLU
，
its a way of looking at the world， what sets it apart from other ways of looking at the world is that this one is taken into account by those in power， thus not only is it a way of looking at the world， but it is also shaping it。
Juemin
，
I claimed no qualifications to give a professional book review。 My rating should be considered as， and only as， the worthiness of time I spent on this book。 A 5-star means it is among the best books I considered that giving me both pleasure of reading and intellectuals I am seeking。 Thus， my rating holds no comparativeness。 I like the book; "A heart has its own reason that mind knows not"。 I left professionals evaluate， whether or not， his theories are ethical， logical， or coherent。From a certai I claimed no qualifications to give a professional book review。 My rating should be considered as， and only as， the worthiness of time I spent on this book。 A 5-star means it is among the best books I considered that giving me both pleasure of reading and intellectuals I am seeking。 Thus， my rating holds no comparativeness。 I like the book; "A heart has its own reason that mind knows not"。 I left professionals evaluate， whether or not， his theories are ethical， logical， or coherent。From a certain aspect， I cannot bring myself into agreement with other reviewers to evaluate this book based on the accuracy of Huntington's prediction of world affairs he made over two decades ago。 Some of them actually are laughable。 In fact， try without forecasting， lies within the treasure of the understanding of this world。 The central idea is not Huntington's all along。 In the final chapter， Huntington borrowed from Arthur Schlesinger， Jr's words "the source - the unique source of the ideas of individual liberty， political democracy， the rule of law， human rights， and cultural freedom。。。。 these are European ideas， not Asian， nor African， nor Middle Eastern ideas， except by adoption。" Immediately he commented "They make Western civilization unique， and Western civilization is valuable not because it is universal but because it is unique。 The principle responsibility of Western leaders， is not to attempt to reshape other civilizations in the image of the West。。。。"。 I just want to use a quotation to make my point。 The title of this book is no other than a prediction， a misleading one in my view， but prediction is not essence from his thoughts。 Simply， one's meat is another man's poison。 To avoid clash， it would be better to understand each others， accept differences， and expand commonalities among different civilizations。 That is my take away。 I wonder if Huntington would enjoy the title of the world political Oracle if he is told that his predictions turn out to be correct after twenty or fifty years or a century later。 It reminds me in the ancient Greece young girls， inhaling gas from Delphi， hallucinated and spoke of the god Apollo。 Two thousand years later， some politicians and scholars are behaving the same， intoxicated， not by gas from Delphi， but the narrow mindedness of universalism in Western civilizations。 Or maybe both。Bertrand Russell said there are three kinds of people come to Olympics --- those to compete， those to trade and the best are those come to observe。 Huntington has demonstrated he is among the best， and indeed， an influential one。 Though， I see his influence diminishing， by just checking the average rating of this book。 。。。more
Louis FONG
，
A blanket reflection on the shaping of a new world order。
Amjad Hussain
，
Good Analysis of Different civilizations of the world
Majid Ghyasi
，
A book with a brilliant description of geo political and intercivilizational changes that the world might face in future。
Andre-Louis
，
„За Запада от много по-голямо значение в сравнение с икономиката и демографията са проблемите на моралния упадък， културното самоунищожение и политическата разединеност:1） нарастване на антисоциалното поведение като престъпност， употреба на наркотици и най-общо насилие;2） упадък на семейството， включително увеличена честота на разводите， извънбрачните деца， бременността на малолетните и самотните родители;3） упадък на социалния капитал， т。е。 членството в доброволни асоциации и междуличностното д „За Запада от много по-голямо значение в сравнение с икономиката и демографията са проблемите на моралния упадък， културното самоунищожение и политическата разединеност:1） нарастване на антисоциалното поведение като престъпност， употреба на наркотици и най-общо насилие;2） упадък на семейството， включително увеличена честота на разводите， извънбрачните деца， бременността на малолетните и самотните родители;3） упадък на социалния капитал， т。е。 членството в доброволни асоциации и междуличностното доверие， свързано с подобно членство;4） общо снижаване на трудовата етика и издигане в култ на личната задоволеност;5） намаляваща ангажираност с обучение и с интелектуална дейност。Бъдещото здраве на Запада и влиянието му над други общества зависи в значителна степен от успешното справяне с тези тенденции， които， естествено， стават причина за деклариране на нравствено превъзходство от страна на мюсюлманите и азиатците。“ 。。。more
Socrate
，
În vara anului 1993， revista Foreign Affairs mi-a publicat un articol intitulat „Ciocnirea civilizațiilor？“。 Potrivit redactorilor revistei， acesta a stârnit mai multe dezbateri în trei ani decât oricare alt articol publicat de ei după anii 1940。 Cert este că a stârnit mai multe dezbateri în trei ani decât oricare altă scriere a mea。 Reacțiile și comentariile la acest articol au venit de pe toate continentele， din nenumărate țări。 Oamenii au fost impresionați， intrigați， indignați， speriați sau În vara anului 1993， revista Foreign Affairs mi-a publicat un articol intitulat „Ciocnirea civilizațiilor？“。 Potrivit redactorilor revistei， acesta a stârnit mai multe dezbateri în trei ani decât oricare alt articol publicat de ei după anii 1940。 Cert este că a stârnit mai multe dezbateri în trei ani decât oricare altă scriere a mea。 Reacțiile și comentariile la acest articol au venit de pe toate continentele， din nenumărate țări。 Oamenii au fost impresionați， intrigați， indignați， speriați sau șocați de teza mea care spunea că dimensiunea centrală și cea mai periculoasă a noii politici globale va fi conflictul între grupuri aparținând unor civilizații diferite。 。。。more
Harini
，
it is the oldest theory in the book - the clash of civilisationI read it first when it came out。 almost 2 decades later， it still makes a virtue of stating the obvious。
Pengyu Jiang
，
If you don't understand the Chinese culture and the Chinese government， then don't write about it for your tenure until you understand them。 I think that's what a responsible advisor in international relations should do。 I think it's very likely that you don't even read Chinese。 这本书是在引战吗？ If you don't understand the Chinese culture and the Chinese government， then don't write about it for your tenure until you understand them。 I think that's what a responsible advisor in international relations should do。 I think it's very likely that you don't even read Chinese。 这本书是在引战吗？ 。。。more
Patrick Long
，
This book was why I decided not to major in political science in college。 Boiled down to its essence， fact-free Islamophobia。 The fact that it was ever on curricula reduced my respect for the whole field。 Some of that respect has been slowly restored in recent years as I have talked to political scientists who have acknowledged that the book got on reading lists mostly through patronage networks and not actually being good， and that most political scientists are in fact smarter than this book ch This book was why I decided not to major in political science in college。 Boiled down to its essence， fact-free Islamophobia。 The fact that it was ever on curricula reduced my respect for the whole field。 Some of that respect has been slowly restored in recent years as I have talked to political scientists who have acknowledged that the book got on reading lists mostly through patronage networks and not actually being good， and that most political scientists are in fact smarter than this book choice would suggest。 。。。more
Gojee Berry
，
The real atlas of the world
Sói
，
Quyển này làm mình suy nghĩ khá lâu trước khi viết nhận xét。 Bởi nhiều sự phiến diện mà mình ngại cho sao cao， nhưng ngược lại bởi mình chỉ mới bắt đầu tìm hiểu nên không đủ kiến thức đánh giá thấp。 Quyết định giữ 4 sao vì sách cho mình một cái nhìn tổng quát về điều mình chưa hiểu。 Nửa đầu quyển sách khá thú vị để phổ cập kiến thức văn hóa tôn giáo và sự tiếp cận nền văn minh phương Tây của từng xã hội như thế nào。 Đối với người kiến thức tôn giáo thấp và kiến thức chính trị bằng 0 như mình thì Quyển này làm mình suy nghĩ khá lâu trước khi viết nhận xét。 Bởi nhiều sự phiến diện mà mình ngại cho sao cao， nhưng ngược lại bởi mình chỉ mới bắt đầu tìm hiểu nên không đủ kiến thức đánh giá thấp。 Quyết định giữ 4 sao vì sách cho mình một cái nhìn tổng quát về điều mình chưa hiểu。 Nửa đầu quyển sách khá thú vị để phổ cập kiến thức văn hóa tôn giáo và sự tiếp cận nền văn minh phương Tây của từng xã hội như thế nào。 Đối với người kiến thức tôn giáo thấp và kiến thức chính trị bằng 0 như mình thì mình cảm thấy quyển sách này nhiều thông tin bổ ích để tham khảo， nhưng là để tham khảo chứ không thể dựa trên đây mà đánh giá hay nhận xét về các nền văn minh được。 Nửa sau quyển sách nói nhiều hơn về chính trị， chạy đua vũ trang và sự va chạm thật sự。 Mọi thứ trong đây vẫn hầu như gom lại theo quy luật xã hội này cũng như quy luật mà bộ não con người vận hành， đó chính là sự phân chia "ta" và "ngươi"。 Một số sự xung đột xảy ra， bên cạnh những lợi ích vật chất， thì chỉ đơn thuần xuất phát vì mấy người trông không giống tôi， văn hóa và trải nghiệm khác nên chúng ta đành đối đầu。 Đây chính là sự va chạm mà tác giả đề cập。 Mình thích đoạn phân tích về đất nước hạt nhân， chủ nghĩa thế tục và sự phát triển bởi vì bản sắc dân tộc。 Thích không phải vì nó đúng hoàn toàn mà là vì nhờ đấy mình có hứng thú tìm hiểu về bản chất và lịch sử các tôn giáo để cố gắng hiểu vì sao sự ảnh hưởng của tôn giáo kinh hoàng đến thế。 Mình cảm thấy phần nói về Việt Nam có chút phiến diện của người Mỹ， không trách được vì ổng là người Mỹ mà còn viết từ chục năm trước。 Song song với lúc nuốt quyển này， mình có đọc 1 quyển khác cũng về văn minh do người châu Á viết， thấy khá vui mà mìnb vẫn đánh giá quyển kia cao hơn tí。Note một ghi chú cá nhân: Các nước phi phương Tây càng trên đà phát triển về kinh tế càng dễ dàng tuyên truyền bản sắc văn hóa nguồn cội với thế giới。 Đi ngược lại xu thế trước kia là hòa mình vào phương tây vì xã hội văn minh， các văn hóa độc đáo càng dễ dàng trở thành xu thế mới， để khẳng định bản sắc và vị thế với thế giới。 Bên cạnh sự phục sinh của Hồi giáo， liên hệ với Việt Nam chính là xu hướng tìm hiểu thêm về lịch sử của giới tri thức trẻ， nhóm Đại Việt cổ phong và các xu thế đem trang phục truyền thống Việt phổ biến hơn （thay vì dùng trang phục cổ TQ như trước）。 。。。more
Christopher Lloyd
，
I disagree with much of this book， but it’s objectively a good book。
alejandro_emeh
，
This review has been hidden because it contains spoilers。 To view it， click here。 "The Clash of Civilizations is a thesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post–Cold War world。 The American political scientist Samuel P。 Huntington argued that future wars would be fought not between countries， but between cultures。 It was proposed in a 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute， which was then developed in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article titled "The Clash of Civilizations？"，[1] in response to his former student "The Clash of Civilizations is a thesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post–Cold War world。 The American political scientist Samuel P。 Huntington argued that future wars would be fought not between countries， but between cultures。 It was proposed in a 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute， which was then developed in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article titled "The Clash of Civilizations？"，[1] in response to his former student Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book， The End of History and the Last Man。 Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order。" （Wikipedia） 。。。more
Aminul Mohaimen আমিনুল মোহায়মেন
，
স্যামুয়েল হান্টিংটন নামে আমেরিকান রাষ্ট্রবিজ্ঞানী ১৯৯৩ সালে সভ্যতার সংঘাত তত্ব দিয়ে একটা লেখা প্রকাশ করেন， যা প্রচন্ড আলোড়ন তোলে পশ্চিমা জগতে। তিন বছর পর ১৯৯৬ সালে সেই লেখার উপর ভিত্তি করে তিনি বইটি লেখেন। বর্তমানে 'সভ্যতার সংঘাত' তত্বকে আমেরিকার পররাষ্ট্রনীতির একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভিত্তি হিসাবে বিবেচনা করা হয়।বইটি তিন অংশে বিভক্ত:ক。 A World of Civilizationsএই অংশে হান্টিংটন বিশ্বকে আটটি প্রধান সভ্যতায় ভাগ করেছেন:- চৈনিক- জাপানিজ- হিন্দু- ইসলামী- অর্থোডক্স - রাশিয়ান খ্রীষ্টানদেরকে তিনি পশ্চিম স্যামুয়েল হান্টিংটন নামে আমেরিকান রাষ্ট্রবিজ্ঞানী ১৯৯৩ সালে সভ্যতার সংঘাত তত্ব দিয়ে একটা লেখা প্রকাশ করেন， যা প্রচন্ড আলোড়ন তোলে পশ্চিমা জগতে। তিন বছর পর ১৯৯৬ সালে সেই লেখার উপর ভিত্তি করে তিনি বইটি লেখেন। বর্তমানে 'সভ্যতার সংঘাত' তত্বকে আমেরিকার পররাষ্ট্রনীতির একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভিত্তি হিসাবে বিবেচনা করা হয়।বইটি তিন অংশে বিভক্ত:ক。 A World of Civilizationsএই অংশে হান্টিংটন বিশ্বকে আটটি প্রধান সভ্যতায় ভাগ করেছেন:- চৈনিক- জাপানিজ- হিন্দু- ইসলামী- অর্থোডক্স - রাশিয়ান খ্রীষ্টানদেরকে তিনি পশ্চিমা খ্রীষ্টানদের থেকে আলাদা করে দেখিয়েছেন।- পশ্চিমা- ল্যাতিন আমেরিকা- আফ্রিকাতার মতে ১৫০০ সালের পর থেকে সমূদ্রপথে যোগাযোগের উন্নতির কারণে সারা বিশ্বে পশ্চিমের মূল্যবোধ， দর্শন এবং ধর্মের প্রভাব বাড়তে থাকে। বিংশ শতাব্দীতে এসে সভ্যতাগুলোর মধ্যে যোগাযোগ বহুমুখী রূপ নেয়， যেখানে পাশ্চাত্য সভ্যতা অপেক্ষাকৃত ক্ষুদ্র সভ্যতার উপর প্রভাব বিস্তার করতে থাকে। তিনি পাশ্চাত্যের সাংস্কৃতিক আগ্রাসনের ধারণা নাকচ করেছেন। তার মতে， পশ্চিমাদের বিরুদ্ধে বাকী পৃথিবীর ক্ষোভের মূল কারণ গণমাধ্যমগুলোতে পাশ্চাত্যের প্রাধান্য।খ。 বইটির দ্বিতীয় অংশে হান্টিংটন পাশ্চাত্য শক্তি ও প্রভাব ক্রমান্বয়ে দুর্বল হয়ে যাচ্ছে প্রমাণ করতে চেয়েছেন। এখানে তিনি পাশ্চাত্য শক্তির বিপরীতে দুটি ভিন্ন শক্তির উদ্ভবের কথা বলেছেন - একটি হচ্ছে চীন এবং জাপান ও সিঙ্গাপুরসহ কয়েকটি এশীয় দেশ যারা প্রযুক্তি ও শিল্পে অগ্রসরতার মাধ্যমে পাশ্চাত্যের প্রতিদ্বন্দী হয়ে উঠছে। অপরদিকে মুসলিম সমাজে ধর্মীয় পুনরুত্থানের মাধ্যমে তাদের আত্মপরিচয় ফিরে পেতে চাচ্ছে। তারা আধুনিকতাকে গ্রহণ করলেও পশ্চিমাবিরোধী মানসিকতা লালন করছে। হান্টিংটনের মতে মুসলিম সমাজের পরিবর্তনটি হচ্ছে বিশ্বের অন্যান্য সমাজ ও রাষ্ট্র থেকে ভিন্ন ভাবে - প্রযুক্তিগত উন্নতির বদলে ধর্মীয় ভাবাবেগই এখানে প্রাধান্য পাচ্ছে। এর কারণ হিসাবে তিনি রাষ্ট্রীয় অর্থনীতির ব্যর্থতা， বিশাল সংখ্যার তরুন জনগোষ্ঠী এবং স্বৈরতান্ত্রিক শাসনকে দায়ী করেছেন।গ。 বইটির তৃতীয় অংশে হান্টিংটন বলেছেন যে， স্নায়ুযুদ্ধের পর পুজিবাদী-সমাজবাদী দুই ব্লকের বিভক্তি না থাকায় বিভিন্ন দেশ এক ধরণের আত্মপরিচয় সংকটে （Identity Crisis） নিপতিত হয়। এই সংকট কাটাতে তারা একই ধরণের সাংস্কৃতিক （নৃতাত্বিক উৎস， ধর্ম， ভাষা， মূল্যবোধ ইত্যাদি） বন্ধনের ভিত্তিতে একতাবদ্ধ হতে শুরু করে। রাজনৈতিক এবং অর্থনৈতিক উদ্দেশ্যে তারা বিভিন্ন ধরণের আঞ্চলিক সমিতি যেমন আসিয়ান， ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়ন - ইত্যাদি গঠন করতে থাকে। রাশিয়া， তুরস্ক， মেক্সিকো ও অস্ট্রেলিয়ার মত দেশ যেগুলো এখনও নিজেদের আত্মপরিচয় নির্ধারণ করে উঠতে পারেনি， সেগুলিকে তিনি 'torn countries' বলেছেন।হান্টিংটনের মতে সভ্যতার এই নতুন বিন্যাস অল্পকিছু শক্তিশালী দেশকে কেন্দ্র করে ঘটছে। যেমন জার্মানি ও ফ্রান্সের নেতৃত্বে চলছে ইউরোপীয় ইউনিয়ন। এখানে আবার ধর্ম একটি শক্তিশালী ভূমিকা পালন করছে। তাঁর মতে মুসলিম দেশগুলোর ক্ষেত্রে এই ধরণের কোর স্টেট নেই। এরপর তিনি বিশ্বের বিভিন্ন কোর স্টেটগুলো নিয়ে বিষদ আলোচনা করেছেন।ঘ。 বইটির ৪র্থ অংশে হান্টিংটন সভ্যতারগুলোর মধ্যে বিরাট সংঘাতের পূর্বাভাষ দিয়ে সেই সংঘাত সম্পর্কে বিস্তারিত আলোচনা করেছেন। তাঁর ধারণা পাশ্চাত্যের মোকাবেলা করতে মুসলিম বিশ্বের সাথে চীনের এক ধরণের মৈত্রী তৈরী হবে। তার মতে তিন কারণে পাশ্চাত্য থেকে বাকী পৃথিবী আলাদা হয়ে রয়েছে এবং নিজেদেরকে তারা পশ্চিমাদের সাংস্কৃতিক আগ্রাসনের শিকার বলে মনে করছে:১。 নতুন শক্তির উদ্ভব ঠেকানোর মাধ্যমে পশ্চিমের সামরিক শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব বজায় রাখার ক্ষমতা২。 মানবাধিকার ও গণতন্ত্র-এর মত পশ্চিমা রাজনৈতিক মূল্যবোধের প্রচার৩。 পাশ্চাত্য সমাজে অভিবাসী ও উদ্বাস্তুদের প্রবেশের বিষয়ে কড়াকড়িহান্টিংটন ইসলাম এবং পশ্চিমের সংঘাতকে "small， fault line war，" এবং পশ্চিামের সাথে চীনের সংঘাতকে "intercivilizational war of core states" হিসাবে বর্ণনা করেছেন।এই অংশে লেখক পশ্চিমের সাথে ইসলামের সংঘাতকে ইসলাম ও খ্রীষ্টধর্মের সংঘাত হিসাবে চিত্রিত করতে চেয়েছেন এবং এর জন্য ৫টি কারণ দায়ী বলে মনে করেছেন:১。 বিংশ শতাব্দীতে মুসলিম বিশ্বে শিশু মৃত্যুর হার কমার কারণে পৃথিবীর এই অংশে জনসংখ্যার বিস্ফোরণ ঘটে， যার ফল হিসাবে তৈরী হয় বিশাল সংখ্যার বেকার তরুন সমাজ， যারা খুব সহজেই ইসলামি মৌলবাদীদের দলে ভিড়ে যায়।২。 ইসলামের সাম্প্রতিক পুনরূত্থান মুসলমানদের মধ্যে অন্য ধর্মের তুলনায় অনেক বেশী মাত্রায় ধর্মীয় চেতনা যুক্ত করেছে।৩。 পশ্চিমা মূল্যবোধ ও প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলোকে সর্বব্যাপী করার প্রচেষ্টা এবং সামরিক শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব বজায় রাখার চেষ্টা মুসলিম সম্প্রদায়ের মধ্যে তীব্র অসন্তোষ সৃষ্টি করেছে।৪。 কমিউনিজমের সাধারণ হুমকি না থাকার কারণে， পশ্চিম ও ইসলাম শত্রু হিসেবে একে অপরের মুখোমুখি দাড়িয়েছে।৫。 বর্ধিত যোগাযোগ এবং ইসলাম ও পাশ্চাত্যের মধ্যে মিথস্ক্রিয়া দুই গ্রুপের মধ্যেকার পার্থক্যকে অতিরঞ্জিত মাত্রায় অনুভূত হচ্ছে।এশিয়া ও চীনের অর্থনৈতিক উন্নয়ন আমেরিকার সাথে একটি বৈর সম্পর্ক সৃষ্টি করেছে। এশিয়া ও চীনের অর্থনৈতিক সাফল্য এ অঞ্চলের জনগণের মধ্যে সাংস্কৃতিক বোধকে জাগ্রত করেছে। হান্টিংটন বলেছেন， পূর্ব এশিয়ার দেশগুলোর অর্থনৈতিক সাফল্য এবং চীনের সামরিক শক্তির সমন্বয় বিশ্বের একটি প্রধান দ্বন্দ্ব তৈরী করতে পারে। এই দ্বন্দ্ব ইসলামী এবং চীনা সভ্যতার মৈত্রীর মাধ্যমে তীব্রতর হবে।হান্টিংটন সোভিয়েত-আফগান যুদ্ধ ও প্রথম উপসাগরীয় যুদ্ধকে সভ্যতা যুদ্ধের উদ্ভব হিসাবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করেছেন। তাঁর মতে আফগান যুদ্ধ একটি সভ্যতার যুদ্ধ， কেননা বিদেশী শক্তির বিরুদ্ধে এটিকে মুসলিম সমাজের একটি সফল প্রতিরোধ হিসাবে দেখা হয় যা ইসলামী বিশ্বের অনেক যোদ্ধা আত্মবিশ্বাস ও শক্তি বৃদ্ধি করেছে। এই যুদ্ধ এমন একটি যোদ্ধা প্রজন্ম তৈরী করেছে， যারা পাশ্চাত্যকে তাদের জীবনপ্রণালীর জন্য বড় ধরণের হুমকী মনে করে।প্রথম উপসাগরীয় যুদ্ধ ছিল মুসলমানদের নিজেদের মধ্যকার একটি দ্বন্দ্ব যাতে পশ্চিমারা হস্তক্ষেপ করেছিল। এই যুদ্ধকে অ-পশ্চিমারা ব্যাপকভাবে বিরোধিতা করে এবং পশ্চিমারা ব্যাপকভাবে সমর্থন করে। হান্টিংটন বলেছেন যে ইসলামী মৌলবাদী গ্রুপগুলো এই যুদ্ধকে দেখেছিল ক্রুসেডার ও এবং ইহুদিবাদীদের একটি জোট দ্বারা 'ইসলাম ও তার সভ্যতা' বিরুদ্ধে যুদ্ধ এবং তার জনগণের বিরুদ্ধে সামরিক ও অর্থনৈতিক আগ্রাসন হিসাবে। হান্টিংটনের মতে এই যুদ্ধকে মুসলমানেরা 'আমাদের বনাম তাদের' - ইসলাম বনাম খ্রিস্টান ধর্ম - একটি যুদ্ধ হিসেবে দেখেছে।সভ্যতাগুলোর মধ্যেকার ফল্ট লাইনের সংজ্ঞা বুঝাতে গিয়ে হান্টিংটন ফল্ট লাইনের দ্বন্দ্ব-এর নিম্নলিখিত বৈশিষ্ট্য উল্লেক করেছেন:- বিভিন্ন সভ্যতার রাষ্ট্র ও দলের মধ্যে সাম্প্রদায়িক সংঘাত- প্রায় সকল সময়েই বিভিন্ন ধর্মের মানুষের মধ্যে- দীর্ঘায়িত সময়কাল- সহিংস প্রকৃতির- আত্মপরিচয়মূলক যুদ্ধ （আমাদের বনাম তাদের ）， যা শেষমেশ ধর্মীয় পরিচয়ে গিয়ে শেষ হয়- প্রবাসী সম্প্রদায়ের উৎসাহ ও অর্থায়নে চলে- সহিংসতা কম ক্ষেত্রেই স্থায়ীভাবে শেষ হয়- তৃতীয় পক্ষের হস্তক্ষেপের মাধ্যমে শান্তির সম্ভাবনা বৃদ্ধি পায়ঙ。 বইটির ৫ম ও শেষ অংশে হান্টিংটন পাশ্চাত্য সভ্যতার অভ্যন্তরণীন এবং বাইরের চ্যালেঞ্জগুলো নিয়ে আলোচনা করেছেন এবং দেখতে চেয়েছেন এই চ্যালেঞ্জগুলো পাশ্চাত্যের শক্তিতে ধ্বস নামাবে কিনা। বাইরের চ্যালেঞ্জগুলোর মধ্যে রয়েছে বাকী বিশ্বের সাংস্কৃতিক আত্মপরিচয়ের উদ্ভব। তাঁর দৃষ্টিতে অভ্যন্তরীণ চ্যালেঞ্জের মধ্যে রয়েছে পশ্চিমা সংস্কৃতির মৌলিক মূল্যবোধ， নৈতিকতা এবং বিশ্বাসে ধ্বস। পাশ্চাত্য বহু সংস্কৃতি （multicultural） নাকি একক সংস্কৃতি （monocultural） গ্রহণ করবে， সে বিষয়েও তিনি আলোচনা করেছেন। তার মতে বহু সংস্কৃতিক বিশ্ব অনিবার্য। তার মধ্যে আমেরিকা এবং পাশ্চাত্যেকে টিকিয়ে রাখতে হলে পশ্চিমা পরিচয়ের পুনর্জাগরণ করতে হবে। পাশাপাশি বিভিন্ন অ-পশ্চিমা সংস্কৃতির ক্রমবর্ধিষ্ণু প্রভাব ও শক্তির মোকাবেলায় পশ্চিমকে সংঘাত পরিহার করে মানিয়ে নেয়ার প্রবণতা তৈরী করতে হবে। হান্টিংটনের মতে পশ্চিমা সভ্যতার সাথে অন্যান্য সভ্যতার সংঘাত বিশ্ব শান্তির জন্য সবচেয়ে বড় হুমকী।হান্টিংটনের এই বইটিকে যেমন আমেরিকান পররাষ্ট্র নীতির একটি তত্বীয় ভিত্তি হিসাবে ধরা হয়， তেমনি সাম্রাজ্যবাদ বিরোধী চিন্তকদের মধ্যে বইটি নিয়ে ব্যাপক সমালোচনা রয়েছে। বইটিতে ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনাগুলোকে সংকীর্ণ দৃষ্টি থেকে বিশ্লেষণ করা， এমনকি কখনো সত্যকে বিকৃতত করার অভিযোগও করা হয়েছে। বলা হয়েছে， সারা বিশ্বের অধিকাংশ সংঘাত যেখানে পশ্চিমাদের সীমাহীন অর্থ লিপ্সার কারণে ঘটছে， সেখানে এসবের পিছনে সাংস্কৃতির ভিন্নতার কাহিনী ফেঁদে হান্টিংটন আমেরিকার দুস্কর্মকে বৈধতা দেয়ার চেষ্টা করেছেন। 。。。more
Ali G。 Mushkel
，
صدام الحضارات / صامويل هنغتنون / 550 صفحة 。يرى هنغتنون ان الصراع في العالم الجديد ما بعد الحرب الباردة لن يكون صراعاً ايديولوجياً او اقتصادياً بل سيكون على الأغلب صراع ثقافي، متخذاً في هذا الكتاب من الثقافة والهويات الثقافية على المستوى العام هويات حضارية وأنماط التماسك والاختلاف والصراع موضوع رئيسي، فعامة الناس يعرفون عن أنفسهم من خلال النسب والدين واللغة والتاريخ والقيم والعادات فضلاً عن المؤسسات الاجتماعية 。يقول فاكلاف هافيل （ الصراعات الثقافية تتزايد وهي الآن أخطر مما كانت عليه في اي وقت ساب صدام الحضارات / صامويل هنغتنون / 550 صفحة 。يرى هنغتنون ان الصراع في العالم الجديد ما بعد الحرب الباردة لن يكون صراعاً ايديولوجياً او اقتصادياً بل سيكون على الأغلب صراع ثقافي، متخذاً في هذا الكتاب من الثقافة والهويات الثقافية على المستوى العام هويات حضارية وأنماط التماسك والاختلاف والصراع موضوع رئيسي، فعامة الناس يعرفون عن أنفسهم من خلال النسب والدين واللغة والتاريخ والقيم والعادات فضلاً عن المؤسسات الاجتماعية 。يقول فاكلاف هافيل （ الصراعات الثقافية تتزايد وهي الآن أخطر مما كانت عليه في اي وقت سابق في التاريخ ） 。أصبحت الدول تحدد الأخطار والتهديدات على اساس نوايا الدول الأخرى، هذه النوايا وكيفية ادراكها تشكلها الاعتبارات الثقافية على نحو جلي، الشعوب ورجال الدولة لا يتوقعون تهديداً محتملاً من شعوب يشعرون انهم يفهمونها ويثقون بها بسبب اللغة او الدين او القيم او المؤسسات او الثقافة المشتركة، أنهم يتوقعون التهديد بدرجة اكبر من دول مختلفة عنهم ثقافياً 。يقول جاك ديلور （ الصراعات المستقبلية سوف تشعلها عوامل ثقافية اكثر منها اقتصادية او ايديولوجية ） 。غالباً هذا الصراع بين مراكز القوى الرئيسية في العالم بمشاركة من يتبعها （ أمريكا، أوربا، روسيا، الصين، الهند، اليابان، العالم الإسلامي ） وغيرها من التفرعات 。ولكي يتجاوز هذا الصراع لابد من الركون إلى متطلبين، الأول هو （ قانون الامتناع ） اي تمتنع الدول عن التدخل في الصراعات الداخلية في حضارات دول أخرى كمثال امتناع الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عن التدخل في غزو العراق للكويت وهذا حسب هنغتنون هو اول متطلبات السلام في عالم متعدد الحضارات والثقافات 。المطلب الثاني هو （ قانون الوساطة المشتركة ） اي ان تتفاوض الدول الرئيسية والتي تكون دول مركز بالنسبة لحضاراتها مع بعضها الاخر لاحتواء او إيقاف الحروب بين الدول والجماعات داخل حضاراتها 。الكتاب يحوي الكثير بين طياته ولا يمكن اختزاله في منشور وخاصة الكاتب طرح الكثير من الأمثلة من الحروب والصراعات السياسية والتي كانت بشكل واضح اغلبها صراعات ثقافية لأسباب مختلفة 。علي غضبان مُشكل 。 。。。more
Bill
，
Does a good job explaining the new paradigm that was seemingly developing in the mid to late 1990's after the end of the Cold War。 He doesn't get everything right， but comes pretty close。 It's well written and flows easily from one chapter to the next。 Learned a lot about the Bosnian， Serbia， Croatia conflict that was always on the news when I was just a kid。 Does a good job explaining the new paradigm that was seemingly developing in the mid to late 1990's after the end of the Cold War。 He doesn't get everything right， but comes pretty close。 It's well written and flows easily from one chapter to the next。 Learned a lot about the Bosnian， Serbia， Croatia conflict that was always on the news when I was just a kid。 。。。more
Tarek
，
Written from a western point of view and monolithic idea。 There's no clash of civilization because western Christians has already lost their civilization and adopted new materialistic ideology。 Chinese also adopted somewhat similar ideology。 Written from a western point of view and monolithic idea。 There's no clash of civilization because western Christians has already lost their civilization and adopted new materialistic ideology。 Chinese also adopted somewhat similar ideology。 。。。more
Jim Sojourner
，
Conceptually incoherent and empirically wrong， Huntington's Clash still demands to be read because of its outsized influence on policymakers and its consequences for a constructivist theory of international relations。 Conceptually incoherent and empirically wrong， Huntington's Clash still demands to be read because of its outsized influence on policymakers and its consequences for a constructivist theory of international relations。 。。。more
Ali Hassan
，
Samuel p。 Huntington____Global politics is being reconfigured along cultural lines。 People and countries with similar cultures are coming together。 People and countries with different cultures are coming apart。 Alignments defined by ideology and superpower relations are giving increasingly are redraw to coincide with cultural ones。。。。。 Ethnic， religious， and civilizational。 Cultural communities are replacing Cold War blocs， and the fault lines between civilizations are becoming the cultural line Samuel p。 Huntington____Global politics is being reconfigured along cultural lines。 People and countries with similar cultures are coming together。 People and countries with different cultures are coming apart。 Alignments defined by ideology and superpower relations are giving increasingly are redraw to coincide with cultural ones。。。。。 Ethnic， religious， and civilizational。 Cultural communities are replacing Cold War blocs， and the fault lines between civilizations are becoming the cultural lines of conflict in global politics。。。__________________________________________________If Samuel Huntington was right then Muslims don't have close ethnic or civilizational relations。 They， definitely， share the same religion but that too with different exegesis and heroes。 The conflicts among Muslims because of such differences are obvious。 So can it be believed that they can all be in the same bloc， let alone a separate bloc of them？ Retrospectively， if only religion would be enough to unite the people， Pakistan would have never been humiliated in 1971。 Or if we go further back in the time of partition， the majority of the Muslim population preferred to be in India than to move to Pakistan， even though， at that time an environment was created based on religious identity， yet the result was not satisfactory （ in a sense that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations and that they couldn't live together or Muslim League was the sole representative of the Muslims and Pakistan was going to be the only Homeland of the Muslims of the Subcontinent ）。 。。。more
Vladimir
，
I wish there would be siquel， to update the described world order。 Overall， many things has happened since 1993， but his worst fears did not come true。。。
John
，